Pdf influence of maternal obesity, diet and exercise on. Maternal obesity has an even greater impact on the developing placenta, altering transcription and metabolism, particularly within lipid metabolic pathways, and increasing inflammation. Maternal prepregnancy bmi, gestational weight gain, and pregnancy outcomes. Influence of maternal obesity, diet and exercise on epigenetic regulation of adipocytes article pdf available in molecular aspects of medicine 54 november 2016 with 76 reads how we measure. Epigenetic marks, or imprinting, affect gene expression without actually changing the dna sequence. Research targeted towards reducing the transgenerational propagation and developmental programming of obesity is vital in reducing the increasing rates of disease. Epigenetic mechanisms could be affected by maternal weight changes, perturbing expression of key. Maternal obesity impacts fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes. Aug, 20 maternal diet is an important determinant of fetal development, directly or indirectly via maternal obesity status andor metabolic impairment. Epigenetic insights on nutrition, hormones and eating behavior. Xinyin jiang received both her doctoral degree in nutrition and her registered dietitian credential at cornell university, ithaca, ny in 20. While certain genes have been identified that increase ones risk for becoming obese, other factors such as excess gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes mellitus, and smoking can also influence this risk. Obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and mental health disorders are increasingly recognized as connected with epigenetic.
Twin studies report heritability of obesity between 40% to 70% and a recent metaanalysis of nearly. Maternal obesity induces epigenetic modifications to. Maternal nutritional status may affect early epigenetic reprogramming processes as well as early establishment of the gut microbiome in the fetus that result in gene expression changes on adipogenesis and metabolisms leading to altered phenotypes such as different susceptibility to obesity and obesity related metabolic disease in adult life. Using a c57bl6 mouse model, we investigated whether maternal high fat diet mhfdinduced obesity alters the expression of genes previously implicated in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders within the gestational day 17. Maternal diet as a modifier of offspring epigenetics. Whether this weight loss is beneficialdetrimental for offspring remains poorly explored. The epigenome and developmental origins of health and disease.
Maternal obesity influences expression and dna methylation. Epigenetics is the study of changes in the expression of genes that do not result from alterations in the sequence of the genetic code. New research explains how poor maternal nutrition passes health risk across generations. Taking this a step further, research is now pointing to the epigenetic benefits abiding by a mediterranean diet. Having overweight parents significantly increases your risk of. Expression of epigenetic machinery genes is sensitive to. The prevalence of obesity continues to increase worldwide and represents one of the most pressing public health issues due to its associated morbidity, mortality, and health care costs.
A greater understanding of the molecular phenomenology underlying maternal epigenetic programming in obesity may well lead to the development of effective therapeutic interventions that may be. In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own genotype, often due to the mother supplying messenger rna. The rapid increase in incidence of obesity over the past two decades cannot be explained solely by genetic and adult lifestyle factors. Hence, in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying placental adaptation in response to maternal obesity, the objective of the present study was to measure the mrna and protein expression of the leptinadiponectin systems ligands and receptors and epigenetic modifications dna methylation in thirdtrimester placenta. We investigated maternal obesity in inbred smj mice by assigning females to a highfat diet or a lowfat diet at weaning, mating them to lowfatfed males, crossfostering the offspring to lowfatfed smj nurses at birth, and weaning the offspring onto a highfat or lowfat diet. Frontiers epigenetic mechanisms link maternal diets and. The emerging field of epigenetics is elucidating underlying mechanisms and epigenetic drugs already in use for cancer treatment offer hope that similar drugs could be found for obesity and diabetes. The first part provides key principles such as epigenetic mechanisms, developmental epigenetics, and the role of epigenetics in disease. The study of the role of epigenetics in obesity and metabolic disease has expanded rapidly in recent years, and evidence is accumulating of a link between epigenetic modifications and metabolic health outcomes in humans. Although epigenetic mechanisms can mediate the effects of adverse maternal obesity during pregnancylactation and offspring developmental malprogramming, it has also been suggested that increases in accessibility of arh neurons to peripheral metabolic signals could arise via processes similar to that seen with the adaptive responses to fasting. Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in avya mice. Maternal obesity and developmental programming of metabolic. Maternal obesity mo represents a special problem that can result in poor fetal development, leading to harmful, persistent effects in offspring, including predisposition to obesity and.
The interaction of maternal dietary factors with earlylife epigenetic mechanism and the gut microbiome in regulation of obesity in adult life. Maternal obesity, diabetes during pregnancy and epigenetic mechanisms that influence the developmental origins of cardiometabolic disease in. Purchase transgenerational epigenetics 1st edition. Implications for diabetes and obesity on 1719 november 2017.
Maternal nutrition and epigenetics in early life springerlink. The early life environment may influence susceptibility to obesity and metabolic disease in later life through epigenetic processes. Epigenetics, the environment, and childrens health across. The new science of epigenetics explains how genes can be modified by the environment. Maternal factors that induce epigenetic changes contribute. Maternal highfat diet associated with altered gene. Obesity before birth maternal and prenatal influences on. Every kid reaching for the junk food has heard mom and dads warning, you are what you eat.
Ijms free fulltext maternal obesity alters placental cell cycle. Maternal and prenatal influences on the offspring, brings easily accessible, cutting edge information to geneticists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, as well as those clinicians and scientists pursuing the complex yet elusive causes of childhood obesity and related disorders. Nutriepigenomics is the study of food nutrients and their effects on human health through epigenetic modifications. Studies by a university of kentuckyled team now suggest that maternal smoking increases levels of a protein called chemerinwhich is linked with obesity in adultsin their newborn babies. The incidence of obesity and overweight has reached epidemic proportions in the developed world as well as in those countries transitioning to first world economies, and this represents a major global health problem. To date, there have been hundreds of published studies supporting the association between maternal lifestyles and childrens future risk of obesity. Maternal obesity can contribute to larger babies and increase the childs risk of developing breast cancer. Newborns with positive age acceleration were more likely to be female and have greater body fatness. To test whether obesityassociated brca1 upregulation is the result of epigenetic. Genes control an organisms phenotype, but outside forces can switch genes on and off. In the us, uk, and australia, the prevalence of obesity in women aged. But parents should be advised that children can now offer a humbling retort, no, im what you ate. Potential epigenetic biomarkers associated with obesity and metabolic health have also emerged from recent studies. Using animal models of maternal obesity, changes in fetal phenotype are being characterized.
The possible causes of metabolic syndrome by inutero epigenetic alterations of genes involved in energy metabolism ppar. It is felt that both maternal undernutrition the children of the dutch women who suffered a famine in 1944 had impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in adulthood and overnutrition, so common in the western diet today, induce epigenetic changes leading to obesity in the offspring as adults. Even though its common for expectant mothers to have low vitamin d levels, its essential to the health and proper development of the baby. Overweight fathers may epigenetically increase their. International experts in genetics, epigenetics, computational biology, and physiology discussed the current state of understanding of the relationships between genetics, epigenetics, and environment in diabetes and examined existing. Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, and excess maternal weight. She studies nutrients involved in one carbon metabolism, such as choline, betaine, folate and vitamin b12, which regulate early development via multiple pathways. According to the latest national health and nutrition examination survey nhanes. Paternal weight and obesity influences sperm epigenetics. Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation with the potential to impair health, which the world health organization who classifies as having a body mass index bmi of 30 kgm 2 or greater.
Am j physiol regul integr comp physiol 294, r528 r538. Newborns of obese parents have altered dna methylation. The mediterranean diet has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, alzheimers disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Obesity and breast cancer are thought to run in families. Although research tends to focus on the role maternal overweight has on the childrens health, new evidence is finally assessing the fathers impact of being overweight.
Epigenetic mechanisms presumably explain how metabolic or nutritional status during intrauterine and early postnatal life impacts the risk of chronic diseases. In a typical experiment, rat or mouse pups are subjected to earlylife stress, such as repeated maternal separation. Maternal status is fundamental for baby health, for his lifelong conditions, and also for the maintenance of methylation patterns, in fact, maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy may affect the establishment of cpg methylation and the lifelong expression of epigenetically modified alleles. Can your diet epigenetically shape your childs health. Praderwilli syndrome is an imprinting disorder, which yields striking evidence for epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of obesity. Praderwilli syndrome, but have also been convincingly associated with susceptibility to obesity. Now, a mouse study by researchers in germany provides new evidence in support of this epigenetic. In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. Obesity is a significant and increasing public health concern in the united states and worldwide.
Epigenetics of obesity article in current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 184. Each persons dna lays a groundwork for the development of. Furthermore, environmental exposures during critical developmental. Maternal obesity is necessary for programming effect of highfat diet on offspring. Clinical and epidemiological evidence clearly shows that genetic and environmental factors contribute to the increased susceptibility of humans to obesity and its associated comorbidities. Recent developments on the role of epigenetics in obesity and.
A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. There is now considerable evidence that nutritional imbalances during gestation and lactation are linked to noncommunicable diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Perinatal maternal highfat diet induces early obesity and sexspecific alterations of the endocannabinoid system in white and brown adipose tissue of weanling rat offspring. Frontiers experimental models of maternal obesity and. The adverse outcomes associated with maternal obesity arise from genetic, epigenetic, metabolic and inflammatory alterations with a lasting impact on fetal development see fig. It is well established that obesity is associated with dysregulation of the ratio between the two major adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Newborns of obese parents have altered dna methylation patterns at imprinted genes. The who places current global estimates of individuals with obesity at about % and those overweight bmi 25 kgm 2 at about 39%, which represents a doubling. Although diet and exercise are the best way to combat weight gain, some people seem to gain weight easier than others and have a more difficult time getting rid of it. Maternal and epigenetic factors that influence food intake and energy balance in offspring. Leptin and adiponectin are present at the fetal maternal interface and are involved in the development of a functional placenta. Maternal and epigenetic factors that influence food intake and. Handbook of nutrition, diet, and epigenetics vinood b. Vitamin d adjusts epigenetic marks that could hinder a.
Dec 16, 2015 the obesity epidemic is a widely discussed, but controversial topic. Developmental programming and epigenetic regulation of the fetal skeletal development associated with maternal obesity and diet is. Concern is rising over the rapid increases in childhood obesity and metabolic disease that will translate into later adult obesity. The american diabetes association convened a research symposium, epigenetics and epigenomics. Chapter 10 maternal nutrition, epigenetic programming and metabolic syndrome.
Transgenerational epigenetics 1st edition elsevier. Zfp423 is the key transcription factor committing cells to the adipogenic lineage, with exceptionally dense cpg sites in its promoter. Nutrition in epigenetics is divided into two primary parts. Epigenetic mechanisms of maternal obesity effects on the. Epigenetics is more than a fascinating and fast burgeoning field of biological research. Epigenetic changes in early life and future risk of obesity. Such epigenetic effects have been demonstrated in experiments with laboratory animals. Maternal obesity mo predisposes offspring to obesity and type 2 diabetes despite poorly defined mechanisms. To counteract the deleterious effects of obesity on fertility and pregnancy issue, preconceptional weight loss is recommended to obese women. The maintenance of epigenetic marks through generations is poorly understood and the notion of their transmission is contentious. Maternal diet and nutritional status and risk of obesity. A maternal highfat diet exacerbated obesity in the highfatfed daughters, causing them to weigh more, have more. Oct 25, 20 newborns of obese parents have altered dna methylation patterns at imprinted genes. The second part looks specifically at the application of epigenetics to the field of human nutrition.
Maternal and prenatal influences on the offspring, brings easily accessible, cutting edge information to geneticists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, as well as those clinicians and scientists pursuing the complex yet elusive causes of childhood obesity. A new study by scientists from the institute of experimental genetics at helmholtz zentrum munchen neuherberg, germany suggests that the metabolic consequences of mom and dads dietary. In fact, maternal nutritional constraint during pregnancy can alter the metabolic phenotype of the offspring by means of epigenetic regulation of specific genes. Sep 12, 2018 maternal obesity has an even greater impact on the developing placenta, altering transcription and metabolism, particularly within lipid metabolic pathways, and increasing inflammation. Maternal obesity and prenatal programming sciencedirect. While genetic factors undoubtedly play a role in determining individual susceptibility to weight gain and obesity, the identified genetic variants only explain part of the variation. Wikimedia, seweryn olkowicz while scientists have identified several genetic risk factors for diabetes and obesity, some have proposed epigenetic alterations in gametes as another potential mechanism of disease risk inheritance. Maternal epigenetics and fetal and neonatal growth.
Apr 14, 2011 nutrition in epigenetics is divided into two primary parts. Gestational diabetes and maternal obesity are associated with epigenomewide methylation changes in children line hjort, 1,2,3 david martino, 4,5 louise groth grunnet, 1,3 haroon naeem, 6,7,8 jovana maksimovic, 5,6 anders henrik olsson, 1 cuilin zhang, 9 charlotte ling, 10 sjurdur frodi olsen, 11 richard saffery, 5,12 and allan arthur vaag 1. Obesity influences placental gene expression through dna methylation 26. The second part looks specifically at the application of epigenetics. The increased prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities is a major public health problem. Maternal obesity and diabetes, and overnutrition in early life will end up in a perinatally acquired malprogramming of appetite and satiety pathways and might contribute to the occurrence of hyperphagia, obesity. Novel research is demonstrating that alterations of the maternal environment can impact the intrauterine development of the fetus and influence the offsprings risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes over the. Jci insight gestational diabetes and maternal obesity. International experts in genetics, epigenetics, computational biology, and physiology discussed the current state of understanding of the relationships between genetics, epigenetics.
Genetics and epigenetics of obesity pubmed central pmc. Jun 07, 2018 the longterm consequences are chronic inflammation, diabetes, heart disease, obesity, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. Furthermore, it was recently reported that maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. Maternal smoking linked to offspring obesity by epigenetic. Handbook of nutrition, diet, and epigenetics springerlink. Thus, maternal obesity may disrupt epigenetic regulation of gene expression during offspring neurodevelopment. A dramatic and worldwide increase is occurring in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age.
There is an emerging body of work indicating that genes, epigenetics, and the in utero environment can impact whether or not a child is obese. The role of maternal and prenatal nutrition is concretely linked to offspring metabolic health. Maternal diet and nutritional status and risk of obesity in. Beginning with a tour of epigenetic processes in the human body, the book assembles current theoretical and empirical developments across the discipline, among them transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, the effects of maternal nutrition on epigenetic change, and possible links between epigenetics and childhood obesity. During the past decade, the obesity epidemic in the developed world has resulted in an increase in the number of women entering pregnancy with a high body mass index bmi in the overweight bmi 25 kgm 2 or obese bmi 30 kgm 2 range. Jan 28, 2016 epigenetic switch for obesity obesity can sometimes be shut down date. Cambridge core obstetrics and gynecology, reproductive medicine maternal obesity edited by matthew w. A low amount of vitamin d is associated with poor fetal growth, childhood obesity, bone density, and bone mineral. For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are heterozygous for the mutation. A study of epigenetic modifications in the development of obesity is a new and burgeoning field. Epigenetic marks are tissue specific and include dna. Maternal epigenetic inheritance and stress during gestation. Thameem dheen 1, 1 department of anatomy, yong loo lin school of medicine, national university of singapore, singapore 117594, singapore.
Epigenetics is loosely defined as the study of heritable changes which affect gene function without modifying the dna sequence. Epigenetics and obesity integrative medicine in san diego. Yang qy, liang jf, rogers cj, zhao jx, zhu mj, du m 20 maternal obesity induces epigenetic modifications to facilitate zfp423 expression and enhance adipogenic differentiation in fetal mice. Epigenetics and maternal factors in offspring obesity. Maternal obesity was also associated with epigenetic changes in leptin and adiponectin systems. This has led to growing interest in understanding the potential role of epigenetics as a mediator of geneenvironment. Recent developments on the role of epigenetics in obesity. Recent discoveries in epigenetics, reasserting the concept of environmental regulation of. Failures in imprinting are known to cause extreme forms of obesity e.
Highfat diet and maternal obesityassociated epigenetic regulation of bone. Highfat diet and maternal obesityassociated epigenetic. These include the noncommunicable diseases related to the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that mo enhances adipogenic differentiation during fetal development through inducing epigenetic.